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Type 1 diabetes
BY Inessa Nikulina, Jack Carter, Taranjot, Chunho
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Write My Essay For MeType 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy.
Reason we chose to talk about diabetes type 1 is because about 400,000 people each year just in the united states get diagnosed with it.
Different factors, including genetics and some viruses, may contribute to type 1 diabetes. Although type 1 diabetes usually appears during childhood or adolescence, it can develop in adults.
Symptoms
Type 1 diabetes signs and symptoms can appear relatively suddenly and may include:
· Increased thirst
· Frequent urination
· Bed-wetting in children who previously didn’t wet the bed during the night
· Extreme hunger
· Unintended weight loss
· Irritability and other mood changes
· Fatigue and weakness
· Blurred vision
Consult your doctor if you notice any of the above signs and symptoms in you or your child.
Causes
Causes
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the body’s own immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing (islet, or islets of Langerhans) cells in the pancreas. Other possible causes include:
· Genetics
· Exposure to viruses and other environmental factors
Diagnosis
Diagnostic tests include:
Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test. This blood test indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells (hemoglobin). The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin you’ll have with sugar attached. An A1C level of 6.5 percent or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes.
Random blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken at a random time and may be confirmed by repeat testing. Blood sugar values are expressed in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). Regardless of when you last ate, a random blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher suggests diabetes, especially when coupled with any of the signs and symptoms of diabetes, such as frequent urination and extreme thirst.
Fasting blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken after an overnight fast. A fasting blood sugar level less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is normal. A fasting blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes. If it’s 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, you have diabetes.
The role of insulin
The pancreas secretes insulin into the bloodstream.
Insulin circulates, allowing sugar to enter your cells.
Insulin lowers the amount of sugar in your bloodstream.
As your blood sugar level drops, so does the secretion of insulin from your pancreas.
The role of glucose
Glucose comes from two major sources: food and your liver.
Sugar is absorbed into the bloodstream, where it enters cells with the help of insulin.
Your liver stores glucose as glycogen.
Glycogen is broken into glucose when low on glucose.
Risk factors
Family history
Genetics
Geography
age
Complications
Heart and blood vessel disease
Nerve damage (neuropathy)
Kidney damage (nephropathy)
Eye damage
Complications
Food damage
Skin and mouth conditions
Pregnancy complications
Treatment
Taking insulin
Blood sugar monitoring
Healthy foods
Eating regularly
Insulin and medications
Short and long acting insulin
Intermediate and rapid acting insulin
Take insulin through a pump or injections
Artificial pancreas
Closed loop
Three parts:
sensor for continuous glucose monitoring
a pump to deliver insulin
a laptop or cell-phone component that directs the pump to deliver insulin as needed
Blood sugar monitoring
Healthy eating and monitoring carbohydrates
Physical activity
Just exercise a lot, but you should anyway
Jogging
Running
Basketball
Swimming
etc.
Situational concerns
Potential future treatments
Signs that you might have type 1 diabetes
Work Cited
The Science of Nutrition third edition (in class textbook)
